Drawing of the archetypical ninja from a series of sketches ( ). Volume six, 1817. A ninja ( 忍者) or shinobi ( 忍び) was a or in. The functions of a ninja included,,,. Their covert methods of waging were deemed dishonorable and beneath the honor of the. Though shinobi proper, as specially trained spies and mercenaries, appeared in the 15th century during the (15th–17th centuries), antecedents may have existed as early as the 12th century. In the unrest of the Sengoku period, mercenaries and spies for hire became active in and the adjacent area around the village of, and it is from the area's clans that much of our knowledge of the ninja is drawn.

Following the unification of Japan under the in the 17th century, the ninja faded into obscurity. A number of shinobi manuals, often based on military, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the (1676). By the time of the (1868), shinobi had become a topic of popular imagination and mystery in Japan.

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Ninjas figured prominently in legend and folklore, where they were associated with legendary abilities such as, walking on water and control over the natural. As a consequence, their is based more on such legend and folklore than on the spies of the Sengoku period. The word 'ninja' in script Ninja is an () reading of the two '忍者'. In the native kanji reading, it is pronounced shinobi, a shortened form of the transcription shinobi-no-mono (忍の者). The word shinobi appears in the written record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the. The underlying connotation of shinobi () means 'to steal away; to hide' and—by extension—'to forbear', hence its association with stealth and invisibility. Mono () means 'a person'.

Historically, the word ninja was not in common use, and a variety of regional evolved to describe what would later be dubbed ninja. Along with shinobi, some examples include monomi ('one who sees'), nokizaru (' on the roof'), rappa ('ruffian'), kusa ('grass') and Iga-mono ('one from Iga'). In historical documents, shinobi is almost always used., (くノ一） is, originally, an which means 'woman',: p168 supposedly came from the characters くノ一 (pronounced ku, no and ichi), which make up the three strokes that form the for 'woman' (女).: p168 In fictions written in the modern era, Kunoichi means 'female ninja',: p167 although, historically, there were no female ninja.: p167 In the, the word ninja became more prevalent than shinobi in the post– culture, possibly because it was more comfortable for Western speakers.